What Hornfels Is and How It Forms

Dickens Life Reflected In The Character Of Pip - 945 Words

Both Miss Havisham and Magwitch are two key characters who shape Pip’s life and dreams. Pip himself is a young boy whose story reflects that of Charles Dickens, the author. When Dickens was twelve his father was imprisoned for debt, much like Magwitch- the father-figure in Pip’s life who was also a convict. Dickens was then sent to work at a boot-blacking factory where his mother forced him to work even after his father was released. Similarly, neither Mrs Joe nor Miss Havisham (the mother-figures) treated Pip well. Later, Dickens fell in love with Maria Beadnell but she rejected him- she is reflected in Estella who cruelly rejected Pip for much time. In 1875, the forty-five year old Dickens fell in love with eighteen year old Ellen Ternan†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWitch’ is also a part of his name which caused him to be eyed with apprehension; witchcraft being a major sin and feared in the churches of the time. Dickens created a feeling of hostility b y the reader towards the character in the beginning just by using his name. The fact that he is first introduced in the graveyard is also a link with death. Later he walks among the brambles and nettles ‘as if he was eluding the hands of the dead people†¦pull him in.’ This makes it sound as though he rightfully belongs there or as if he is a member of the living dead. In actuality, this quote may be indicating the severity of his physical condition- further inducing pity on him from the reader. However, it may also remind the reader that he is a convict with a price on his life. Pip imagines he is a pirate come to life from the gibbet and is walking back to hook himself up again. This again reinforces the idea he is of the living dead and is another link to death. The reader by the end of the chapter is torn between pity for the convict and a sense of foreboding. Dickens creates an unexpected twist when the character turns out to be decent, honest and even likeable . The impression is given that he purposely defeated the superstitions and the ideas imposed on people by the church and may be evidence that Dickens disapproved of the power the church and social class had over people. He may have even induced the idea of social reform in many, being a popular author, throughShow MoreRelated Effectiveness of the Opening Chapter to Great Expectations Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens ?Great Expectations? was written during the 19th century, published in weekly installments in a magazine. The novel is based around Pip, the opportunities he is presented with and the difficulties he has to face. In the first chapter we are introduced to Pip, and Magwitch, an escaped convict. The theme of crime and punishment immediately draws us in. Dickens uses a number of techniques to ensure the readers continuing interest, such as pathetic fallacy, metaphor, themes, symbolismRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations And Oliver Twist1057 Words   |   5 Pagesembrace strangers as family. Charitable strangers can also teach children to act with benevolence and give them an honorable role model to follow. These acts of kindness can drastically change the character of the poor child. In Charles Dickens’ two novels, Great Expectations and Oliver Twist, Dickens challenges the conventional idea of parentage and suggests that through generosity anyone can become a guardian and have a major impact on the emerging identity of children. Therefore, people shouldRead MoreMagwitch Character Analysis1683 Words   |  7 Pagesmouth!† Nervously, he responded, â€Å"Pip. Pip, sir.† Letting his sharpened, black teeth show slightly in a maniacal smile, Magwitch had thought to himself, ‘My, my, don’t they ever teach young boys not to talk to strangers?’ The character Magwitch makes several appearances similar to this one in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. While he does play a man whose circumstances made him lead a life a crime, Magwitch’s character has much more depth. This profound character in fact can be found in almostRead MoreGreat Expectations and a Christmas Carol: a True Gentleman Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagessensitive, or well-mannered man. However, by Victorian definition, a gentleman was, perhaps most importantly, a rich man. â€Å"Charles Dickens†¦was an author of relatively humble origins who desired passionately to be recognized as a gentleman, and insisted, in consequence, upon the essential dignity of his occupation† (Victorian Web). 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Dr. Harvey from Macquarie University define reflection as â€Å"an intended action, it depends on the past actions, present actions, and future actions.† In this paper we will see the reflection in â€Å"Art†. Art is the reflection of the identity and personality, for example in painting, drawing, writing, and many more. Art can symbolize the personality of theRead MoreChapter One of Great Expectations Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Significance of Chapter One of Great Expectations in Relation to the Novel as a Whole? Great Expectations is a novel written by Charles Dickens and is considered to be one of his best stories. The plot follows a young boy named Phillip Pirrip or Pip and it focuses on his growth as he matures from a young boy into a fully grown man. He had always had great expectations of himself, wishing to become someone of high social class - as this was set and written in the VictorianRead MoreHow Effective is the Opening Chapter in Charles Dickens Great Expectations?1554 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens travelled Great Britain due to his father’s job. H lived in mainly coastal towns as his father was a naval clerk and therefore became familiar with the scenes reflected in Great Expectations. Dickens has used memorable scenes and characters from his childhood; the marshes representing one of his youth time homes and many of the characters being written in the reflections of family members. Great Expectations seems to have been produced using the memories of Dickens’ life. When heRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesExpectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morali ty (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticises this fact}Read MoreThe Setting in Great Expectations Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagesbearing on the storyline; the settings also echo the characters in personality and circumstance. The theme of the book seems to run parallel with the settings in some respects, such as the plain but wholesome life-style of Rochester and the beckoning but ultimately shallow habitat of London. Throughout the book comparisons and relationships between story and setting are made, many subtle and not evident unless reflected upon. The setting from the start of the book is

Bilateral Trade Between Eu and Western Balkan Free Essays

The paper focuses on the bilateral trade between Western Balkans countries and the EU and enfaces on agreements, regularity of the trade, scope and analysis of the trade flow. It also explains which are the Western Balkans countries, economical characteristics, contractual connection with the EU. It is consisted of three parts. We will write a custom essay sample on Bilateral Trade Between Eu and Western Balkan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In first part is explained the definition of the Western Balkan countries, out bilateral trade exchange between the EU and Western Balkans as a common region. Second part analyses agreements between the EU and Western Balkans countries regarding trade and EU perspective.Finally, third part focuses on the key indicators and trade balance of each country of the region with the EU. 2. WESTERN BALKANS IN GENERAL Western Balkans is a region in Europe which includes Albania and states of Former Yugoslavia without Slovenia. Those countries are Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo (as defined as UNMIK 1244), Republic of Macedonia and Albania. The surface of this region is approximately 265. 000 square kilometers and total population within is 24 million inhabitants.Historical background of those states is that all of them had socialistically government. Albania was self-isolated state and under iron curtain after Second World War. It was also a member of Warsaw pact until Sino-Soviet split (worsening relations between Soviet Union and PR China). On the other hand, Yugoslavia had unique socialist model in the world called â€Å"self-management†, which had limited openness to the western countries. All countries had turnout to capitalist system in the nineties, with high inflation, high rate of corruption, suffering economies and higher unemployment rate.After wars in Yugoslavia were established five new countries: Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Macedonia and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Republic of Macedonia had a name dispute of Greece (which is part of European Union) and has provisional name of FYROM in official EU documents. FR Yugoslavia was transformed in 2003 into State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro left this union in 2006 and Republic of Serbia became formal successor of the State Union. Kosovo declared unilaterally independence in 2008, and the EU officially sees it as a separate economic region.Candidate statuses for accession in the EU have Croatia and Republic of Macedonia, while other countries are considered as potential candidates. All those countries are members of CEFTA. 3. ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN GENERAL According to International Monetary Fund rapport of 2008, GDP per capita in those states is varying between 1. 167,00â‚ ¬ in Kosovo UNMIK and 10. 375,00â‚ ¬ in Croatia. Highest level is below EU 15, but higher than in Romania and Bulgaria. Analyses show that this region has need for further economic and social cohesion with the EU.In 2003 it was predicted that the EU enlargement towards Western Balkans countries would not be significant, in terms of economic scale, as the nominal GDP and the GDP per capita are at relatively low levels. (World Bank (World Development Indicators)) The region has made strong progress, outpacing Central Europe in economic growth with an average GDP increase of more than 5% in 2005. The markedly strong economic development is expected to continue in the next several years. Inflation has largely been kept under control, and is expected to decline further in the immediate future.The region’s improving risk profile and economic outlook are also validated by the international credit ratings. As unemployment is still high, sustainable economic growth and job creation are the major challenges the region faces. 4. AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EU AND THE WESTERN BALKANS 4. 1 AGREEMENTS OF BILATERAL TRADE BEFORE STABILIZATION AND ASSOCIATION PROCESS Before the start of the stabilization and association process, and subsequent sign of stabilization and association agreements between the EU on one side and the Western Balkan states on the other, each country had separate agreements with EU, regarding the trade preferences.Albania has been benefiting from European Union’s General System of Preferences. Trade with Macedonia was governed by a cooperation agreement with the European Union concluded in 1998. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were authorized to trade preferences under the first generation of Autonomous Trade Preferences introduced in 1997, which have been briefly applied to Serbia and Montenegro before they were revoked. (Council Regulation (EC) No 70/1997, amended by Regulations 2636/97 (for1998) and 2863/98 (for 1999), and Council Regulation (EC) 6/2000 (January-October 2000)) . 2 SAA – STABILISATION AND ASSOCIATION PROCESSES WITH THE COUNTRIES OF WB This process started by defining its main criteria by the General Affairs Council in April 1997. Two years later, in May 1999, the European Commission published a communication for the establishment of the stabilization and association process. Countries involved, precisely the Western Balkan countries, should meet the minimum standards as defined in order to start the stabilization and association agreement negotiations.Some of these criteria are: create real opportunities for displaced people and refugees to return to their places of origin, readmission of illegal immigrants, compliance with international peace agreements, rule of law, democracy and compliance with human and minority rights, free and fair elections, absence of discriminatory treatment, implementation of first economic reform steps (privatization, abolition of price controls), proven readiness to engage in good neighborly relations.Five countries that participate in the Stabilization and Association Process are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. There are a lot of similarities among these five countries, but the main one is their mutual goal for EU membership. On the other hand, there are a lot of differences between them, in the pace of economic reforms and the possible timeframe for EU accession. The Stabilization and Association Process is the main current framework policy of the European Union for the Western Balkans.This Process has three major parts, one is the Stabilization and Association Agreements, second is the Autonomous Trade Measures and the last is the financial assistance (CARDS). (Report from the Commission Second Annual Report – Annex 1, COM (2003) 139 final) 4. 2. 1 STABILISATION AND ASSOCIATION AGREEMENTS Stabilization and association agreements (SAAs) are the main contractual form between the EU and each Western Balkan country. Stabilization and Association Agreements were preceded by the stabilization and association rocess. The SAAs agreements have very similar characteristics with the Europe Agreements even though with some distinctions. The SAA provides step by step establishment of free trade area with the EU, gradual alignment to EU legislation in a number of areas with an emphasis to the internal market rules; conclusion of bilateral agreements (mainly in the internal market areas) with neighboring countries and cooperation with the EU on issues such as justice, visa, border control, illegal immigration and others.Interim Agreements are signed simultaneously with the SAAs. They cover the trade-related parts of the SAAs and enter into force much faster, as they do not need to be ratified by the EU Member States. (Commission staff working paper SEC 128 final) * The SAA agreements with Croatia and Republic of Macedonia have been in force since April 2004 and February 2005 respectively * Albania has signed the agreement on 15. 10. 2007 and it is still under ratification * Montenegro signedthe SAA on 1 5. 10. 2007, it is under ratification.The Interim Agreement entered into force on 1. 1. 2008 * Serbia has signed the SAA on 29. 04. 2008. The Council of April 2008 decided that the ratification procedure will be launched and implementation of the Interim Agreement will start as soon as the Council decides that Serbia is fully cooperating with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) * Bosnia and Herzegovina has signed the SAA on 16. 6. 2008. The Interim Agreement entered into force on 01. 07. 2008 4. 2. 2 ATM – AUTONOMOUS TRADE PREFERENCESBy Regulation (EC) No 2007/2000 of 18 September 2000 which had revised Regulation (EC) No 2820/98, and repealed the Regulations (EC) No 1763/1999 and (EC) No 6/2000, the European Communities have allowed unique unlimited duty-free entrance to the EU market for nearly all products originating in the countries and territories benefiting from the Stabilization and Association Process. The Lisbon European Council of March 2000 specified that Stabilization and Association Agreements with Western Balkan countries, which include the establishment of Free Trade Areas â€Å"should be preceded by asymmetrical trade liberalization†.As part of the Stabilization and Association process the Council of Ministers adopted the Council Regulation 2007/2000, and then amended by Council Regulation (EC) 2563/2000, to increase the existing autonomous trade preferences, and provide autonomous trade liberalization for 95% of all their exports to EU. In the a greement of the Stabilization and Association Process, the granting of these exceptional trade preferences is subject to certain conditions.Namely, respect of the beneficiary countries and territories of fundamental principles of democracy and human rights, the readiness of the countries concerned to develop mutual economic relations and to engage in economic reforms and regional integration through trade. Privilege to the exceptional trade preferences is conditional on the recipient’s involvement in effective administrative cooperation with the Community in order to prevent any risk or deception. The preferences include:All products originating from the countries and territories concerned can be imported into the EU, duty and quota free. The only exceptions apply to the following: 1. Wine and certain fisheries products are subject to preferential tariff quotas 2. Sugar is subject to preferential tariff quotas (except for Croatia where this is currently being negotiated) 3. â€Å"Baby beef† only the specific import duty is eliminated– ad valorem duties of 20 % continue to apply 4. Quotas apply on imports of textile products originating in the customs territories of Montenegro and KosovoThe European Commission has adopted a proposal for a Council Regulation to extend until 2010 the autonomous trade preferences which the EU gives to the Western Balkans. The Council Regulation has been adopted without debate at the November 14-15 2005 Education, Youth and Culture Council in Brussels. Along with certain technical updates, the Regulation extends for another 5 years the autonomous trade preferences. For the five years in force, these trade preferences have been a key instrument for the revitalization of the Western Balkan economies by providing privileged access to the EU market.More stable economic development promotes political stability in the entire region. The preferences, which were originally adopted in 2000 for a period until the end of 2005, have contributed to an increase in the Western Balkans’ exports to the EU, thus meeting their goal so far. Indeed, between 2000 and 2004, imports from these countries into the EU have increased by approximately 8 % per annum. The greatest change compared to previous system established in 2000 was the almost complete liberalization of imports of agricultural products and the abolition of quotas for sensitive industrial products. Consul Regulation CONSLEG: 2000R2007 — 01/01/2003 and Integration of the Western Balkans in the Internal Market (Regional Research Paper under the Specific Grant Agreement RELEX I-2 190202 REG 4-14)) 4. 3 DIAGONAL CUMMULATION OF RULES OF ORIGIN Diagonal cummulation of rules of origin is a system that facilitates regional trade integration. It enables a country to process and export a product under preferential trade treatment to the EU by using materials originating in other countries of the region which can be considered as their own materials. First stage: EU/Western Balkans cummulation: Bilateral EU/Western Balkans cummulation, including Turkey for the products covered by the Customs Union, is now in force for Montenegro (as of 1. 1. 2008), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1. 7. 2008) and Macedonia (8. 11. 2008). It has also been agreed for Albania (19. 11. 2008) and Serbia (29. 4. 2008). Croatia has opted not to participate in the scheme. Second stage: inclusion of the Western Balkans in the Pan-Euro-Med scheme: * In 2007, the Euro-Mediterranean Trade Ministers endorsed the extension of the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean diagonal cummulation scheme to include the Western Balkan countries, as proposed by the Commission.They gave the Pan-Euro-Med working group a mandate to prepare technical amendments to the appropriate origin protocols. A preliminary draft proposal for such an extension was presented at the meeting of the Pan-Euro-Med working group in November 2007, to which the Western Balkan countries were invited as observers. The working group reached a consensus on the substance of the amendments. However, the Commission is looking for a way to take into account the impact of the specific problem with sugar and high-sugar-content products, which are currently excluded from the diagonal cummulation with the Western Balkans. Customs Information Paper (09)69) 4. 4 CEFTA 2006 (CENTRAL EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AREA) A new Central European Free Trade Agreement was signed in Brussels on 19. 12. 2006, clearly welcomed by the EU. The new CEFTA consolidates 32 bilateral free trade agreements in the Southern European Region into a single Regional Trade Agreement. Although the EU is not a party to this new Agreement, the European Commission has provided continuous political, technical and financial support, at every stage of the trade liberalization process in South Eastern Europe.The agreement creates a regional free trade area, based on the existing bilateral agreements which liberalize more than 90% of trade and almost all trade in industrial goods. The agreement consolidates and modernizes the region’s trade regulations and includes modern trade provisions on issues such as competition, government procurement and protection of intellectual property. It will provide convergence of relevant trade-related rules, notably with regard to industrial and sanitary-fit sanitary rules. The result is a simplified single system of rules that will make it easier to trade within the region.CEFTA will make the region more attractive as a consolidated market for foreign investment. CEFTA will, also, assist those that are not yet part of the WTO to prepare for membership – because the two processes are rooted in the same goals and rules of progressive liberalization and open trade. (Commission Staff Working Paper – EU regionally relevant activities in the Western Balkans 2008/09) 5. TRADE BALANCE BETWEEN WESTERN BALKANS AND THE EU In this analysis we will focus on bilateral trade of the EU and Western Balkans as a region. According to the Eurostat, Western Balkans has imports from the EU of 32. billion â‚ ¬ and exports towards the EU of 13. 9billion â‚ ¬. That makes negative trade balance of Western Balkans as region. If we compare date of previous three years, we may conclude that the imports, in general, rose at significantly bigger amount than the exports. The current trend is growth of deficit by approximately 2. 3% annually towards EU and 0. 4% to the world. Measured in relative amounts, exports maintained at same level of 0. 9% to the EU and 0. 2% to the world. (EuroStat, Statistical Regime 4) Figure 1. Trade in goods (EU27 with WB) Source: EuroStat, Statistical Regime 4However, in the further analyse may be concluded that the share of trade with present EU27 countries has fallen. In 2004 the EU27 share of total imports was 73%, while in 2008 it was 66. 3%. Also, the share of exports to EU27 has fallen from 70. 5% in 2004 to 66. 4% in 2005, and after that has risen staidly. That shows that the exports to ten newly joined EU states got complicated due to new trade barriers. It was expected that through substainable trade concesions approved by ATM and SAA, a positive trends in respect to the trade and current account balances should be expected.However, table 1 shows that trade balance deficits are even increasing through the period 2006-2008, from -9,262 to -12,643. (IMF (DoTS)) Table 1. WB trade with EU27 millions of euro, % Period| Imports| EU Share of total Imports (%)| Exports| EU Share of total Exports (%)| Balance| Trade| |   |   |   |   |   |   | 2004| 19,995| 73. 0| 7,877| 70. 5| -12,118 | 27,873| 2005| 19,196| 67. 9| 8,170| 66. 4| -11,025 | 27,366| 2006| 17,839| 66. 5| 8,577| 68. 9| -9,262 | 26,416| 2007| 19,635| 65. 5| 9,379| 67. 2| -10,256 | 29,015| 2008| 22,471| 66. | 9,827| 69. 8| -12,643 | 32,298| 2008Q1| 5,121| 65. 7| 2,371| 71. 8| -2,750 | 7,492| 2008Q2| 6,036| 67. 4| 2,529| 69. 8| -3,507 | 8,566| 2008Q3| 5,799| 64. 9| 2,605| 67. 6| -3,193 | 8,404| 2008Q4| 5,515| 67. 2| 2,322| 70. 2| -3,193 | 7,837| Source: IMF (DoTS) Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material are taking the biggest share of Western Balkans export to the EU with 4. 12million â‚ ¬ or 29. 6% (SITC 6), miscellaneous manufactured articles (SITC 8) have export value of 3million â‚ ¬ or 21. 6% and machinery and transport equipment have share of 19. 4% (SITC 7).Although there are some differences between Western Balkan countries, the common specificity is that exports from WB are mainly non sophisticated basic products, with high level of competition, low level of price and low level of revenues, lack of resources for marketing and advertising. On contrary, machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods classified chiefly by material and chemicals and related products with 35. 0%, 21. 1% and 12. 6% respectively, are dominant or the import side. Western Balkans mostly purchases sophisticated products and products with high quality and value. The main alternative is FDI, but as we will see further on, the level of FDI seems not to be sufficient to cover the need for new technologies, new know-how and managerial skills in WB. Structure of trade like this one, is the main reason for trade balance deficits. (Integration of the WB in the Internal Market) | | | | | | | | | | | Figure 2. EU27 imports from WB, by product grouping Source: EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4) Figure 3. EU27 exports to WB, product grouping Source: EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4)It is evident that Western Balkan countries are dependable and inferior to EU27 as its major import and export partner. In each product group, trade balance is positive for EU27, except for clothing with 587millions â‚ ¬ and iron and steel with 159millions â‚ ¬. Figure 4. EU27 trade with WB Source: EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4) Foreign direct investments into the region were 3. 4billion â‚ ¬ in 2005. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro registered increasing inflows; the other countries booked slight declines compared to 2004. The cumulative FDI inflow in the region is near 15billion â‚ ¬ for five year period of 2001-2005.As the countries of the region rarely invest abroad, net FDI inflows also play a key role in financing foreign trade imbalances that stem from ongoing structural reforms and significant investment demand in the transition to free markets. (http://www. iiwb. org/level2/level2index. cfm? cid=1401;amp;pid=1401) 6. EU TRADE BY COUNTRY 6. 1 MACEDONIA When it comes to Macedonia, a country with a population of 2. 1millions of inhabitants, main economic indicators show that there is current GDP of 6. 5billions of â‚ ¬, GDP per capita of 3,166. 0â‚ ¬ and real GDP growth of 5. 0%. The rate of inflation is 8. 3% and current account balance is -13. % of GDP. (World Bank (WDI), IMF (WEO), DG Trade) GDP by sector is consisted from 57. 7% of services, 29. 3% of industry and 13. 0% of agriculture. (World Bank (World Development Indicator)) 6. 1. 1 Trade in goods between Macedonia and EU27 As figure 1 show, EU27 imports of goods from Macedonia differ, while exports are constantly increasing. EU27 mostly imports textile and clothing and agricultural products, while imports of transport equipment, machinery, chemicals and energy are insignificant. On the export side of goods dominates machinery, textile and clothing, transport equipment, chemicals and agricultural products. EuroStat, Statistical Regime 4) The general problem of Macedonian’s producers is the low level of implementation of EU standards and requirements (considerable in the food staff). That is the main reason why the access to EU market is limited. 6. 1. 2 Foreign Direct Investments in Macedonia According to the State statistical office data, the value of FDI in 2008 is 356. 4 million US$ and compared to the previous year is increased for 25. 6 million US$. (State Statistical Office of RM), from which more that 87% comes from the key source of Macedonia’s FDI, EU. National Bank of the RM, Statistics, FDI) Countries with biggest foreign direct investments in RM in 2008 are: Austria with 125. 1 million US$, Slovenia with 50. 8 million US$, United Kingdom with 30. 8 million US$ and Netherlands with 29. 1 million US$. FDI are dominant in the service sector with more than 55% (telecommunications and financial intermediaries), whereas in the output around 40% (oil refining, textile, food, marble, construction materials, metal production industry). (National Bank of RM, FDI report) The share of total EU27 imports in Macedonia is 0. 1%, while the Macedonian’s share of total EU27 exports is 0. %. Those percentages are held constant over the period 2004-2009. (EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4)) Consisted this way, Macedonia holds the 62nd place as major import partner and 54th place as major export partner to EU27. (EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4)) On contrary, when Macedonian’s trade is in question, EU27 stays considerable the biggest and most important trade partner with total exports of 78. 0% and total imports of 77. 1. (IMF (DoTS)) 6. 2 CROATIA Croatia is a country with population of 4. 4milions of inhabitants, current GDP of 47. 1billions of â‚ ¬, GDP per capita of 10,625. â‚ ¬ and real GDP growth of 2. 4%. The rate of inflation is 6. 1% and current account balance is -9. 4% of GDP. (World Bank (WDI), IMF (WEO), DG Trade) Dominant creator of GDP is the service sector with 60. 9%, followed by industry with 31. 6% and agriculture with 7. 4%. (World Bank (World Development Indicator)) 6. 2. 1 Trade in goods between Croatia and EU27 Bout, imports and exports of goods increase through the years, as can be seen in the figure 2. EU27 merchandise variety of products from Croatia including machinery, agricultural products, chemicals, textile and clothing and transport equipment.Export of goods is consisted mostly of machinery, transport equipment and chemicals. (EuroStat, Statistical Regime 4) Although, in Croatia there was a progress in developing its legislative framework and strengthening its administrative capacity, still, special attention should be paid to the harmonization of food staff and food staff legislation. (www. western-balkans. info) 6. 2. 2 Trade in services between Croatia and EU27 In the area of trade in services, the situation is just slightly changing over the time (imports of services from Croatia in 2005 was 4. 4billions of â‚ ¬, 2006 was 4. billions of â‚ ¬ and 2007 was 4. 9billions of â‚ ¬, while exports of services in Croatia in 2005 was 1. 8billions of â‚ ¬, in 2006 was 2. 2billions of â‚ ¬ and in 2007 was 2. 3billions of â‚ ¬). The share of imports from Croatia in EU27 is only 1. 2% from the total imports, while the export in Croatia takes nearly 0. 5%. (EuroStat, NewCronos) 6. 2. 3 Foreign Direct Investments in Croatia Croatia has the foremost FDI from all the countries in the region with 45% of it. FDI from EU27 are constantly increasing, as it is shown in the figure 2 (8. 2billions â‚ ¬ in 2005, 12. 7billions â‚ ¬ in 2006 to 16. 5billions â‚ ¬ in 2007). EuroStat(NewChronos)) Dominant sectors of FDI are financial intermediaries, telecommunication, pharmaceuticals, petroleum and cement manufacturing. (www. iiwb. org) Croatia holds the 44th places as a major import EU27 partner with 0. 3% of the total EU27 imports. On the side of exports, Croatia is on the 22nd places with 1. 1% of the total exports. However, as in the case of the rest Western Balkan countries, EU27 is the biggest and most important trade partner. Croatia merchandise 65. 3% of the total goods and services from EU27, and sells 65. 8% of total goods and services to EU27. IMF (DoTS), EuroStat(Comext, Statistical Regime 4)) 6. 3 ALBANIA Albania is a country with a population of 3. 2millions of inhabitants. With a current GDP of 8. 8billions of â‚ ¬, GDP per capita of 2,769. 8â‚ ¬, inflation rate of 3. 4% and real growth of 6. 8%, the situation is getting better over the years. (World Bank (WDI), IMF (WEO), DG Trade) As in the rest of the WB, the main creator of GDP is the service sector with 55. 7%, and the rest is divided almost equally between industry and agriculture. (World Bank (World Development Indicator)) 6. 3. 1 Trade in goods between Albania and EU27Trade in goods between Albania and EU27 is slightly, but constantly increasing, as shown in the figure. However, the dominant products in EU27 imports are textile and clothing, and inconsiderable, energy and agricultural products. Exports of goods from EU27 to Albania are consisted of almost everything starting from machinery, agricultural products, textile and clothing, chemicals and transport equipment. (EuroStat, Statistical Regime 4) Moreover, Albanian’s exports are almost 90% natural resource intensive products, which is main obstacle to sustainable growth of exports. An Agenda for Trade and Growth, WB integration in the EU) In accordance with the Preferential Agreements for WB, there are certain exceptions for Albania: * â€Å"Imports into the Community of ‘baby-beef’ products defined originating in Albania do not benefit from a tariff concession† * â€Å"Imports of sugar products under heading Nos 1701 and 1 702 of the Combined Nomenclature originating in Albania are subject to the following annual duty-free tariff quotas:1 000 tonnes (net weight) for sugar products originating in Albania. † (WTO, Request for an extension.. . 6. 3. 2 Foreign Direct Investments in Albania In the FDI, Albania represents a unique case. The EU27 contribution to the overall FDI in Albania is 91%, but they come mainly from neighboring countries, where Italy and Greece are dominant with 48% and 43%, respectively. Less than 7% of total FDI is from the rest of EU27. The investments are made mostly in the commerce, industry and services with 60%, 17. 6% and 11. 5% respectively. (South-East Europe Review 1/2006) As it can be expected, Albania is not very important and competitive trading partner for EU27.It occupies only 0. 1% of total EU27 imports and 0. 2% of total EU27 exports. It takes the 79th place as a major import partner to EU27 and 59th place as a major export partner to EU27. On the other hand, EU27 is the dominant trade partner for Albania that covers 70. 3% of the total trade. Albania presents an extreme case where more than 53% of the trade to EU27 is directed to Italy and Greece. (IMF (DoTS), EuroStat(Comext, Statistical Regime 4)) 6. 4 MONTENEGRO When it comes to Montenegro, main economic indicators show that there is population of 0. millions of inhabitants, GDP is 3. 3 billions of â‚ ¬, GDP per capita 4. 877 â‚ ¬ and the real GDP growth is 7. 5%. The rate of inflation is 9. 0% and the current account balanced is -31. 0% of GDP. GDP by sector is consisted from 74. 6% of services, 17. 6% of industry and 7. 8 % of agriculture. (World Bank (World Development Indicator)) 6. 4. 1 Trade in goods between Montenegro and EU27 Figures show that exports of EU27 to Montenegro are increasing in last years. On this side, mostly dominates machinery and transport equipment, agriculture and other semi manufactures.What first comes to eyes is the fact that Montenegro highly imports machinery which is a good leading point to technology enrichment and development of production processes. Transport equipment also helps growth and development and its import share is quite high. On the import side, we see that Eu27 is not importing so much form Montenegro. Most of import goes on machinery, agricultural products and chemistry, while clothing and textile and transport equipment are really insignificant.Concerning the Preferential Agreements for WB, * â€Å"the customs duties applicable to imports into the Eu27 of ‘baby-beef’ products are reduced to 20% of the ad valorem duty and 20% of the specific duty as laid down in the Common Customs Tariff, with restrictions of scarce weight, what is said in the quota: 975 tones (carcase weight) for ‘baby-beef’ products originating in the customs territories of Montenegroâ€Å" * â€Å"imports of sugar products originating in Montenegro are also subject to the following annual duty-free tariff quota: 180 000 tones (net weight) for sugar products originating in the customs territories of Montenegroâ€Å" * â€Å"exemption from customs duties is limited to the Community annual quantities set out in regulation for textile products originating in Montenegroâ€Å" * â€Å"certain fishery products and wine, the customs duties applicable to imports into the Eu27 should be suspended during the periods, within the limits of the Eu27 tariff quotas and under the specific conditionsâ€Å" (WTO, Request for an extension†¦ ) 6. 4.2 Foreign Direct Investments in Montenegro Foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2008 reached $1. 23 billion, which was almost ten times higher than in 2004, and investment per capita in Montenegro is one of the highest in Europe. However, investment has slowed recently, in part as a result of the global economic crisis. According to preliminary data from the Montenegrin central bank, the amount of foreign investment in first quarter of 2009 was $279 million, which represents a decrease of 38% compared with the same period in 2008. In period from 2001 to September 2008, the most FDI in Montenegro were from Hungary 323,4 million Euros, Great Brittan 257,2 millions, Switzerland 227,4 millions, Caper 213,5 millions, Austria 199,2 millions , Slovenia 115,3 millions and Germany 112,7 millions of Euros. Central Bank of Montenegro) The share of total EU27 exports in Montenegro is 0. 1%, while the Montenegrin’s share of total EU27 imports is 0. 01%. (EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4)) Consisted this way, Montenegro holds the 86th place as major export partner and 109th place as major import partner to EU27. (EuroStat (Comext, Statistical Regime 4))6. 5 SERBIA Serbia has 7,4 millions of inhibitions, current GDP 34,0 billions of â‚ ¬ , 4. 611,0 â‚ ¬ GDP per capita, real GDP growth 5,4%, inflation rate 11,7%, and negative current account -17,3%. GDP by sector is consisted from 61. 8% of services, 25. 5% of industry and 12. 7% of agriculture. (World Bank (World Development Indicator)) 6. 5. Trade in goods between Serbia and EU27 Graph# shows that EU27 exports to Serbia have increased in the last three years and, as we can see imports also went up. European Union exports to Serbia consists mostly machinery, transport equipment and chemistry, while energy, import agricultural products and textiles and clothing comparing to the first group are insignificant. As we see on graph, the only one group of products that EU27 more import in, than export to Serbia are agricultural products. Trade balance for machinery goods is much higher than other, what is telling us that European Union is exporting much more than importing from Serbia. How to cite Bilateral Trade Between Eu and Western Balkan, Papers

Greenwood County Keeps Growing Every Year New Things Are Build , Like Essay Example For Students

Greenwood County Keeps Growing Every Year New Things Are Build , Like Essay houses , industries andmany other things. Greenwood County has a diversified manufacturing economy some companieshave more than a century , others have only recently selected Greenwood as the location of newIndustries. Greenwood Mills , Inc. , began operations in 1891 , the towns first textilemanufacturing plant , is now a major producer of denim and other fabrics . With 7,000 employeesin South Carolina , Georgia , Tennessee . George W. Park Seed Company has been in businesssince 1868 and is international mail order supplier of gardening materials and seeds . In 1918Southern Brick Company was established , when rich deposits of clay were discovered in NinetySix Creek ,and continues to manufacture building materials.Fuji photo film, Inc. , was established in Greenwood in 1889 . In early 1994 , Fuji announced theconstruction of its largest and most technologically facility in Greenwood .This factory has recentlybeen completed and is ready to supply color photographic paper to the US Market . Fujiannounced on June 20 , 1995 , that the construction was completed and production had begun atthe Greenwood site . The construction of a Central Distribution Center was announced in January ,1996 . This facility has been completed and serves of all the manufacturing facilities at the fujiGreenwood complex . The Distribution Center is over 3,000,000 square feet in size andrepresents as investments of 20 to 25 million dollars . Also in January of 1996 , Fuji of Greenwoodannounced the construction of new 100,000 square foot facility which will expand Fujis ability toserve the graphic arts market . The new plant will be operational in early 1997 , will employ about70 new Associates , and will represent an additional investment of approximately 25 Million . InFebruary of 1996 , Fuji of Greenwood public announced an additional factory which will finish 35mm color film . Sara Lee Knit products opened a modern production facility in 1994and producestextiles.

Studying Abroad Has Never Been So Accessible!

Studying Abroad Has Never Been So Accessible! Would you like to receive a degree from a university abroad? Sometimes it’s truly more beneficial to study in both home country and foreign country to gain more valuable experience and new impressions. However, not always students gave the ability to actually leave their countries or afford to study a year or two abroad. Are there any alternative ways to solve this problem? Yes, and the answer is distance learning. Nowadays, many countries around the world practice giving distance learning opportunities to international students. These academic programs are of high value for those who want to study at home or wish to combine job and studies. You can study wherever you want in the UK, in the US, or somewhere in Europe if you have the internet access. In this article, we’ll present you the best European universities providing distance-learning courses at the Bachelor’s, Master’s, or Ph.D. level. Choose the one you like the most, consider their requirements, and get ready for the studying. Utrecht University, Netherlands Utrecht University is ranked first among the most popular institutions that offer distance-learning programs. International students may apply for its courses in general, clinical, and veterinary epidemiology. Also, they are able to work on original research projects on specific topics from their homes. Uppsala University, Sweden This prominent educational establishment in Sweden delivers audio-visual lectures, as well as examination tests, in a form of downloadable documents. So, an online learner can form a studying plan on his/her own at Uppsala University. Wismar University Wings, Germany Wismar University has some prestigious awards for distance learning. It offers studying opportunities in such academic fields like design, economy, and technology. The special feature of distance learning at this particular institution is that you will have to be present there three weekends per semester. Webster Vienna University, Austria Webster University is a perfect option for those pursuing a program in international relations or an online MBA. A student can distribute local and distance learning on days, and also choose the most appropriate time for carrying our academic assignments. Wageningen University, Netherlands Wageningen University in Netherlands takes a position in the top 100 of best universities around the globe. It’s famous for its agriculture and forestry education programs, and provides distance-learning courses related to healthy food and living environment. Online Business School, Spain This school is one of the most well-known business schools in Spain. Students can apply for its advantageous courses in marketing, business administration, project management, and finance. Instituto Europeo Campus Stellae, Spain At this educational institution, postgraduate students are able to receive training in the most convenient way. The classes are held in the form of video conferences, and you can participate at any time you want. Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland Arcada University of Applied Sciences grants distance-learning degrees with a practical value. Courses are offered in real estate energy, mental health, global health care, and media management. Students study from 1,5 to 2 years and have to be present at least 2 days a month. Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland This university has an improved and modern system of online and distance learning with accessible on-campus software and services. At Cork Institute of Technology, you can choose between such disciplines: e-learning design, environmental engineering, and cloud computing. International School of Management, France The last institution that we want to describe is the International School of Management (France). At this school, students opt for various study options in distance learning.

Management case Example

Management case Example Management case – Essay Example Case – Newell Company: Corporate Strategy One challenge that Newell faced in the late 1990s was the emergence of large-scale retailers. The three main retailers were able to extend their dominance of the market from 70% in 1992 to 80% in 1998. Because of the size of the market controlled by these retailers, Newell had to find a way to increase efficiency in its supply chain and distribution systems. Another challenge that Newell had in that time was partly due to its own actions of making acquisitions. These acquisitions were risky to some people because of the vast size of them. Typically when a company acquires another company, the new acquisition is considerably smaller. Newell had to get these acquisitions through the Newellization process in a short amount of time so Newell can make gains in those markets.2. One resource that Newell has is its Newellization process, which helps to bring new acquisitions into the brand and get them up to speed. The brand name is strengthen ed because of this and customers become loyal to the Newell brand. This process also helps new firms to follow the same basic management principles across all sectors, and this helps to ensure that Newell is the market leader in all of its markets. Another distinctive resource that Newell has got is the different products offerings. Because Newell separates its products into different market levels, this allows customers of all financial backgrounds to afford the products. This has a knock-on effect of creating strong brand presence and loyalty, two traits that will serve the company over the long term.3. Newell has a centralized administration, which helps to ensure no miscommunication between departments. Newells strong corporate structure is based on each division focused on its own operations and leaving the major decisions to top management. This makes Newell a company that is decentralized but also with a strong top management focus. Other areas of Newells good corporate struc ture are is annual meetings and financial reviews. These things help Newell to keep focus and make sure that no part of the firm is slacking off. Lastly, with high demand for positions within the company, it shows that there is competitiveness there and also employees feel satisfied being part of the team.4. Both the acquisition of Calphalon and Rubbermaid make sense because they have something to offer Newell. Newell already has a good process for integrating new acquisitions, and the company can improve both companies even better than they were when the acquisitions were made. Once the acquisitions go through the Newellization process then there are many advantages that these brands can bring. Both acquisitions already have good customer markets that Newell does not have great access to, so there is a potential for expanding here. Calphalon has good customer connections due to its focus on customer services, and this is a strategy that has served Newell well over the years. Also, Newell can expand its global presence with the acquisition of Rubbermaid, which already has good brand equity.

Personal Statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Statment - Personal Statement Example I had the experience of selling and marketing various items and acting as a middle seller. Items like MP3 player, second hand bikes and fashion watches earned me a fair bit of profit, and I enjoyed doing this work too. This interest of mine led me to the Paldo Advertisement firm, where I learned the basic norms and structure of companies and how the business chain runs. Before starting to work in the Paldo Advertisement firm, I was in the military services. It might look a bit unusual, to switch from military and end up being a businessperson, but that is how my life goes. My time in the military service too, was quite fascinating, with many ups and downs every day. I learned the skills of dealing with the worst situation and predicting future circumstances. I think these skills will help me throughout my life, even in daily matters and systematic planning of my decisions. Later, my interest in business planning and finance developed further, due to my passion towards the stock market, and in learning factors, which affects the market share of a company. This was a decisive moment when I realized that I can trade effectively in stocks, and more importantly, I loved doing it. For those who have been in the stock market, would know the complexity and sensitivity in buying and selling stocks. There are various factors and figures that are needed to be considered before a person can predict the rise or fall of a stock (Alexandar). After my work at the Paldo Advertisement firm, I did some home trading in the stock market from my home. There was a significant difference in my feelings and emotions, when I was studying stock market and then when I started doing myself. The more I got into the stock market, trading stocks and predicting which to buy and which to sell, the more my interest in it kept on building. To be a master in the field, I needed to

Communication Satisfaction in the Virtual Workplace Coursework

Communication Satisfaction in the Virtual Workplace - Coursework Example Such innovations are capable of engaging, encouraging and supporting employees in their commitment to duty, which ultimately improves performance. By facilitating different approaches towards employees, innovations in employee benefits help the organization improve its overall competitive compensation strategy by enabling it to present itself uniquely from other organizations. Organizations can tie innovative benefits to specific jobs by primarily considering factors such as what the job description of each group of employees entails. Age is also a critical factor. This stems from the understanding that a certain innovative plan may be significant to one group and meaningless to another. For instance, fitness group membership would not be considered as a priority for field officers who traverse the width of the state while on duty as it would be for those who spend long hours behind computers. Similarly, young adults below 30 would consider mortgages and car loans or grants to be more significant than healthcare or retirement packages while in contrast, the elderly and less active would be tied to retirement benefits (Swanberg, McKechnie, & James, 2011). Critically assessing the effectiveness of equity-based versus creative-approach reward systems reveals that they both depend on an organization’s communication strategy as well as employees’ personal perceptions. Employees have a right to equity-based rewards since it is basically what they enter into a contract with employers to earn. The effectiveness of equity-based rewards is reflected in the manner in which they incorporate the interests of shareholders, organizations, and employees (Worldatwork, 2010). The key objectives of equity-based rewards include obtaining tax advantages and conserving resources while motivating optimum performance by employees.  

Environment degradation in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environment degradation in China - Essay Example China has faced an enduring and remarkably quick economic development since its liberalization in 1978. Despite the fact that having considerably improved the lifestyle of the large part of the population, the economic progress has resulted in severe environmental predicaments, such as widespread water and air pollution, solid waste accumulation, high air pollution and water scarcity in urban areas. The situation of the environment is still deteriorating and posing, in several areas, problems to economic development. Between 1980 and 1993 urban water use soared by 350 % and industrial consumption twice over the period (World Bank, 2001)1. Demand for water has been growing at the time when several regions of China faced water scarcity, major water pollution, and reduced groundwater tables besides flood and famine damage. These factors have deteriorated the deficiency of water resources, augmented costs of water purification, and in cases where suitable infrastructure has not been present, endangered the safety of drinking water, consequently the health of the population. They also had critical impacts on the safety of industrial and agricultural manufacture and led to losses in fishing business. It is expected that the yearly economic loss from water pollution in China reaches 1.5-3 % of GDP, having more major impact than floods and famine (Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2000)2. These issues are especially severe in northern China and in the catchments of the three rivers namely Huai, Hai and Huang. These three catchments comprise around 35 % of total GDP and include the economically and politically vital Beijing-Tianjin region. Yet the major causes of water pollution are industrial wastewater release, raw municipal sewage discharge and non-point pollution from agriculture. Of late, non-point water pollution, which emanates from fertilizer and pesticide overspill, and release from intensive animal production businesses, is becoming critical and can be expected to rise even further. Quality of Surface and Coastal Water & Groundwater The chemical and organic quality of the surface water is normally low. The main pollutants are raw material from domestic and industrial sources, industrial hydrocarbons, light lubricating oil, plant nutrients and heavy metals. Bacteriological pollution is

Room Division Manager Forecasting Data And Revenue Study Tourism Essay

Room Division Manager Forecasting Data And Revenue Study Tourism Essay By forecasting room availability we mean forecasting the number of rooms available for sale. In order to facilitate forecasting Room Division Manager should collect the following data that helps manage the reservation process. Number of expected room arrivals- is the number of guests that have already made reservation in the hotel and are expected to check à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬in. Number of expected room walk-ins- Walk-ins are the guests without reservations that coming in the hotel. This number helps the front office managers to use the appropriate number of staff and prepare rooms for the expected walk-ins. Number of expected room stayovers- is the number of guests that will not expected to check out today and will continue stay in the hotel. Helps the management to know the occupancy of the hotel, the number of rooms that are available for sale and the number of employees that must be used. Number of expected room no-shows- is the number of expected guests who did not arrive in the hotel. This number helps front office managers to know if there are rooms available for sale and decide when to sell rooms to walk-in. Number of expected room understays- is the number of guests who check out before their departure date. Helps the management to know additional room availability. Number of expected room check-outs- is the number of guests expected to departure from the hotel that day. This number helps the management with the number of available rooms for sale. It helps them to use the right number of employees will be needed in the front office during the check-out process and the number of housekeepers in order to clean the rooms. Number of expected room overstays- Overstays are the guests who stay beyond their departure date. This number alerts management for any problems when rooms have been reserved for arriving guests. Moreover, this type of forecasting can be used as an occupancy forecast that helps the management to decide how many employees needed for a shift depended on the expected volume of business. 2. Explain the concept of revenue management and how R.D Manager can maximize revenue by using forecast data. Revenue management is the process of each hotel to understanding guest behavior in order to maximize the revenue. The philosophy of the revenue management of a hotel is to sell the right room to the right person at the right time for the right price. The revenue management plays an important role in the financial success of any hotel. It includes a number of tactics and strategies that make the hotel to develop best selling situations. Revenue management is always depends on the law of demand and supply. There are more factors that can draw a reliable forecasting that affects the business, like long/short stay guests, type of room, cost of room etc. The concept of the revenue management is to pick the business that gives the maximum yield for the hotel. The management of the hotel wants to attract guests who pay the most and stay longest. There are numerous benefits coming of Revenue Management. The revenue management improves forecasting. It improves decisions about the prices and t he inventory of the hotel. It identifies new market segments and the demand of each market segment. The revenue management improves development of short and long term business plans and tries to increases the profit of the hotel and decrease the operating cost of the hotel by saving in labor cost, waste time from employees or other operating expenses. The forecasting data have lot to do with the revenue of the hotel. The forecasting data are used for the R.D manager to the revenue management techniques that followed from a hotel in order to increase the profitability to a great extent .These strategies are used from the Revenue Management are the capacity management, the discount allocation and the duration control. The Capacity management involves methods to balance the risks and control the room supply. It balances risks of overbooking against possible loss of revenue from guests that cancel their reservation, under-stays, and no-shows. It also involves in determining the number of walk-ins can be accepted on the day of arrival taking all the above in consideration. The Discount allocation involves methods to manage discounts for the rooms for various time periods from the rack rates. The Room Division manager and the sales agents must be able to sale at the best possible rates and at the same time to sale all the rooms of the h otel. All the room types of the hotel reduced rate- structure below the rack rate is given to reservations. Implementing this method requires reliable demand forecasting. This method helps also in up-selling by limiting the discounts by room type. Duration control is managing to place time limits on accepting reservations in order to give room request that are multiple days that represents higher level of revenue than single day occupancy that represents lower level of revenue. To increase the revenue the management can be combined the strategies of duration control and discount allocation. For example, the hotel can make a discount to a guest that will stay in for two weeks while one day stay require rack rate.

The Cycle of Selfhood in Sillitoe Essay -- Literary Analysis

The Cycle of Selfhood in Sillitoe Preface After Alan Sillitoe’s death in 2008, journalist and author Catherine Mayer wrote Sillitoe’s obituary for Time magazine. She begins it with her own assessment of Sillitoe’s work. Mayer asserts that Sillitoe â€Å"possessed a rare ability to identify the lovable qualities in characters his readers might shun in real life† (Mayer). It is true; he did. That ability can, of course, be attributed to talent, hard work and strong writer’s intuition, but it can also be said that perhaps it was easy for Sillitoe to identify those qualities in those characters, because he identified with those characters. One critic goes so far as to say that Sillitoe is â€Å"too close to them for his own good, he abdicates to an outpouring autobiographical compulsion† (Roskies 172). The critic tempers that remark in the next sentence saying that, â€Å"Its virtue†¦is its splendid recreation of hand-to-mouth subsistence living in Nottingham†¦the industrial North as a whole† (Roskies 172) Sillitoe grew up in the same kind of environment as his characters do. Born in 1928 and raised in Radford, a working class suburb in western Nottingham (Daniels and Rycroft 461), Sillitoe was son to Christopher Sillitoe, a tannery laborer—illiterate, frequently out of work and sometimes abusive—and Sylvia Burton Sillitoe, a lace factory worker (Aspden). At 14, Alan Sillitoe left school to work a string of factory jobs, one as a lathe operator at a bicycle factory (Daniels and Rycroft 464), just like Arthur Seaton, the protagonist of Sillitoe’s, â€Å"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning.† Introduction Contemporary working class fiction from the British Isles is fraught with class struggle and it’s a topic that drove much of the work of the Angry ... ...Lessons of the long-distance runner.† The New Criterion (2008): 23-28. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. Daniels, Stephen, and Simon Rycroft. â€Å"Mapping the Modern City: Alan Sillitoe’s Nottingham Novels.† Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 18.4 (1993): 460-480. JSTOR. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. Mayer, Catherine. â€Å"Alan Sillitoe.† Time 10 May 2010: 35. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. Penner, Allen R. â€Å"Human Dignity and Social Anarchy: Sillitoe’s ‘The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner.’† Contemporary Literature 10.2 (1969): 253-265. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. Roskies, D. M. â€Å"Alan Sillitoe’s Anti-Pastoral.† The Journal of Narrative Technique 10.3 (1980): 170-185. Print. Sillitoe, Alan. The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner. New and Collected Stories. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003. 1-35. Print.